Avoid Naked Union

To ensure safety, encapsulate the union within a class or struct.

1. Naked Union

A naked union is not encapsulated within a class or struct.

nakedUnion.cpp

union NakedUnion {
    int intValue;
    float floatValue;
    char charValue;
};

Explanation of risks

1. Undefined behavior
   • Only one member of the union should be active at a time. Accessing an inactive member results in undefined behavior.
2. No type safety
   • A naked union does not track which member is currently active. If you accidentally access the wrong member, the program may produce incorrect results or crash.

2. Ecapsulation with class/struct

To mitigate the risk, we can wrap the union in a class or struct and use an enum to track the active member.

safeUnion.cpp

class SafeUnion {
public:
    enum Type { INT, FLOAT, CHAR };
    Type activeType;

    union {
        int intValue;
        float floatValue;
        char charValue;
    };

    void setInt(int value) {
        intValue = value;
        activeType = INT;
    }

    void setFloat(float value) {
        floatValue = value;
        activeType = FLOAT;
    }

    void setChar(char value) {
        charValue = value;
        activeType = CHAR;
    }

    void print() const {
        switch (activeType) {
            case INT: std::cout << "intValue: " << intValue << std::endl; break;
            case FLOAT: std::cout << "floatValue: " << floatValue << std::endl; break;
            case CHAR: std::cout << "charValue: " << charValue << std::endl; break;
        }
    }
};

3. Use std::variant

std::variant provides a type-safe alternative to unions.

#include <iostream>
#include <variant>

int main() {
    // Define a variant that can hold an int, float, or std::string
    std::variant<int, float, std::string> v;

    // Assign different types to the variant
    v = 42; // holds an int
    v = 3.14f; // holds a float
    v = "Hello, World!"; // holds a std::string

    // Check what type the variant currently holds
    if (std::holds_alternative<int>(v)) {
        std::cout << "The variant holds an int: " << std::get<int>(v) << std::endl;
    } else if (std::holds_alternative<float>(v)) {
        std::cout << "The variant holds a float: " << std::get<float>(v) << std::endl;
    } else if (std::holds_alternative<std::string>(v)) {
        std::cout << "The variant holds a string: " << std::get<std::string>(v) << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

4. Summary

• Naked unions are powerful but risky because they lack type safety and can lead to undefined behavior.

• Always be cautious when using naked unions and prefer safer alternatives like encapsulation or std::variant.

• If you must use naked unions, document the code clearly and ensure that only one member is accessed at a time.